8.TT.1.1


 * THE TRAGIC THIRTIES **


 * This is the 8th grade exit project. The decade chosen was the 1930s. For some, this a horrible 9 years. There were tons of tragedy’s, discoveries, inventions, and killings. **

In 1930 Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh on February 18th, 1930. Pluto is the second-most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System. Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century caused astronomers to speculate that Uranus orbit was being disturbed by another planet. The search for Pluto didn’t continue until 1929, when its director, Vesto Melvin Slipher handed the job of locating the planet to Clyde Tombaugh, a 23-year-old. Clyde’s task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs taken 2 weeks apart. The name “Pluto” was given from an 11-year-old girl named Venetia Burney. The planet was officially named Pluto on March 24th, 1930. The name was announced on May 1st, 1930. Pluto’s astronomical symbol is the letters of Percival Lowell. Pluto’s astrological symbol resembles Neptune but has a circle in the middle. Pluto was discovered by accident in 1930. Based on the motions of Uranus ad Neptune, they predicted it. Pluto’s atmosphere is mixed with Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane. Pluto is the 2nd most contrasty body in the Solar System after Iapetus. Pluto’s orbital period is 1.5 times longer that Neptune’s. Pluto is the 10th largest body orbiting around the sun. Venetia Burney got the name “Pluto” from the Roman God of the underworld. Pluto is reddish-brown. Astronomers believe that Pluto was once a moon that escaped into it’s own orbit. Pluto’s name is now 134340 because it was disregarded as a planet. In 1931, The Star Spangled Banner was made the National Anthem of the U.S. A poem written in 1814 by a 35-year-old man named Francis Scott Key. The lyrics were made by Francis Scott Key, the music was John Stafford Smith and it was adopted in the U.S in 1931. The Star Spangled Banner was recognized for official use by the Navy in 1889 and by the president in 1916 and made the national anthem in 1931 by the Congressional Resolution. The National Anthem was signed for approvement by Herbert Hoover. Francis Scott Key wrote the poem in response to the bombing of fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The tune was taken from the English popular song “To Anacreon in Heaven”. Francis Scott Key was an successful attorney. The Star Spangled Banner has been unwanted in some placed because of its musical difficulty. Key died from pneumonia on January 11th, 1843. The Star Spangled Banner was called “The Defense of Fort McHenry. The words were written on September 14th, 1814. The Star Spangled Banner was published in a lot of newspapers. Robert L. Ripley of “Believe It or Not” spurred the interest of the American people to demand the Star Spangled Banner to be the U.S National Anthem. Key recommended that his poem be dung as a song to the popular British tune “To Anacreon in Heaven”. In 1928 she became the first woman to cross the Atlantic with her crew. On May 20th, 1932, Amelia Earhart departed Newfoundland in her 600-Horse Power Lockheed Vega to cross the vast ocean with 420 gallons of gas and a can of soup. She was headed to Paris but settled for Northern Ireland. Amelia was 10 years old when she saw her first Air Plane. It took Amelia 15hrs and 8mins to fly across the Atlantic. Amelia had a book called “The Fun of It” published. In August, she became the first woman to fly nonstop across the USA. Amelia was awarded with “Army Air Corps distinguished” and the “Gold Metal of the National Geographic Society”. Amelia Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas. On May 15th, 1923, she became the 16th woman to have a pilot license. After Amelia graduated from High School she volunteered as a Nurse’s Aide for the Red Cross. She had known many of the wounded were Pilots, and that’s when she started to admire Pilots and Airplanes. The Holocaust began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and ended in 1945. There’s an estimation of 11 million people that were killed during the Holocaust. The term “Holocaust” means “Sacrifice by Fire” which is the Nazi’s plan to slaughter the Jewish people. The Nazi’s also targeted homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and the disabled. The term “Nazi” means “National Socialist German Worker Party”. There were only about 200,000 Jewish survivors. The body count of Jews that were killed was about 6 million people, including the millions who didn’t fit the Aryan mold. The Germans had millions of slaves being forced to work to death, so they could be killed. 5,000 Jews communities were wiped out and 1/3 of the people were killed or starved to death, or worked to death. Some Jews went from Germany to other Europeans countries for safety. Carbon Monoxide was used at first to kill the Jews in Gas Chambers. Later they started to use “Zyklon B”. 1.1 million Children were killed; 6 million of them were Jews. There were 13 main concentration camps but, Auschwitz was the biggest one. On May 23, 1934, Bonnie and Clyde’s ’34 Ford was hit with 167 shots, and about 50 hit them. Bonnie Parker was born on October 1st, 1910 in Rowena, Texas. Henry Methrin was the one who later betrayed Bonnie and Clyde. Bonnie and Clyde met at a mutual friend’s house; she was Clyde’s ex-girlfriend and Bonnie’s friend. But, Bonnie was married to a man that was serving time Henry Methrin told his father where Clyde told him to meet him. The Texas Ranger told Henry’s father that Henry would be let off the hook if he snitched on Bonnie and Clyde. Ivan, Henry’s father, had drove to the south of the Arcadia and parked his car. After a little while, Bonnie and Clyde came down the street and the police started shooting. The first 2 shots hit Clyde in the head and about 27 bullets went threw his body and 8 bullets went threw his spinal cord. Bonnie’s red hat was thrown off as a bullet tore threw her skull. 2 bullets went threw her face and her jaw were crushed. Another bullet took 2 of her fingers off from her right hand. When Bonnie and Clyde were killed, they were barely over there 20’s. After they were killed, the car was towed to Arcadia, Louisiana. Clyde was buried beside his brother, Buck on May 25th, 1934. Bonnie’s mother refused to have Bonnie buried next to Clyde, so she was buried on May 27th, 134 in West Dallas Fish Trap Cemetery. The car Bonnie and Clyde was killed in was shown in the State Fair for 25 cents a look. In 1935, the result of issuing the Anti-Jewish Nuremberg Law is because of one incident in the summer of 1935. The bureaucratic in fighting only escalated and would soon come to a head at the annual Nuremberg rally. September 9th to 15th a special session of the Nazi Reichstag was scheduled for the last day at which Hitler planned to deliver a major foreign policy speech concerning the League of Nations and Italy. But, Hitler cancelled it. The laws were officially issued on September 15th, 1935. The laws were on marriages between Jews and Germans. Any child born to such parent did not deserve any better treatment then the Jews. According to Hitler, when someone is more than 50% Jewish, they’re evil. Half Jews had 2/4 Jewish grandparents and quarter-Jews had one Jewish grandparent. Some of the laws were that a Jew couldn’t sue a German, any civil servants or politicians who are not of Aryan decent are to be retired, the Nuremberg Laws did not identify a “Jew” as someone with particular religious belief, Jews were not allowed to perform on stage or screen, and Jews could no longer vote, and people were denied to get into medical school. Jews were just not allowed to do anything. The Spanish Civil War started in 1936 and finished in 1939. In forces were lead by General Franco and Sanjurjo. By the end of 1936, 50% of Spain was controlled by the Military including the whole border of Portugal. 500,000 people were killed during the war. The capture of Bilbao was an important victory of the popular front (composed of Liberals, Socialists, and Communist) augured a renewal of left list reforms. Great Britain and France anxious to prevent a general European conflagration proposed a nonintervention pact which was signed in August of 1936. All that signed was 27 nations, who railed up to keep there promises. Italy sent large numbers of “volunteers”, probably about 700,000. In 1931, they began a broad ranging attack on the Spanish society. July of 1936, a well planned conservative military uprising began in Garrison Town through Spain. Nationalists gained control of Spain, Morocco, the Canary Islands, and most of Baleark Islands. February 16th. 1936 the popular front wins the elections and takes power. Nationalist took control over everything in the area. The Civil War was 3 years later between Communists and Anti-Communists in Madrid. At 7:25pm on May 6th, 1937 while the Hindenburg was attempting to land, within 34 seconds the entire Airship was covered in flames. The Hindenburg had completed 10 successful trips (1,002 passengers) in 1936. For $400, passengers could relax in a large space, and enjoy fine food. A storm was starting over the Lakehurst Naval Air Station on the afternoon of May 6th, 1937. Commander Rosendahl told them that they should wait before landing because of the weather. It was 36 passengers, and 61 crew members on the airship. 13 passengers, 22 crew members, and 1 ground member was killed. The Hindenburg didn’t explode but, burnt in a lot of directions. There were no reported leaks; the hydrogen was laced with garlic to give off an odor for easy detection. The fire was not a characteristic of a hydrogen fire. Fabric pieces fell to the ground on fire, while the airship remained in the air for several seconds after the fire began. Austria was Adolf Hitler’s birth country. On February 12th, 1938, Hitler invited Schusnigg to his home in Bavaria, for a secret discussion. On March, 17th, 1938, the Soviet Union attempted to organize a multi-power discussion to cut short German expansionism. Hitler gave a speech on March 25th, 1938 in Germany about his main concern for the annexation chancellor Kurt Schusnigg made the “red-white-red until we’re dead” in protest of the German threat. When the Nazis took power over Austria, the estimated 25%, 36,000 businesses were owned by Jews. April 1st, 1938, 76,000 people were arrested for the “Anschuiss”. Anschuiss is a union of Germany and Austria. Jews were banned from universities. 40% of students and professors were banned from universities. In 1955, the new Austrian Republic including a statement of its “Permanent Neutrality” in its constitution. On March 12th, 1938 German troops marched into Austria to annex the German-speaking nation. In early, 1938, Austrian Nazis conspired for the second time in 4 years to seize the Austrian government by force and unite their nation with Nazi Germany. Austria existed as a federal state of Germany until the end of World War II in 1945. The allied powers declared the annexation void, and reestablished an independent Austria. In 1939 the bloodiest conflict in history, World War II consumed the globe from 1939-1945. World War II was fought in Europe and across the pacific and Eastern Asia, and pitted the axis powers of Nazis Germany, Italy, and Japan against Great Britain, France, China, the U.S, and the Soviet Union. The Germans signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and invaded Poland, beginning the war. While the axis enjoyed early success, they were gradually beaten back with both Italy and Germany falling to allied troops and Japan surrending after the use of the atomic bomb. In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and bullied Britain and France into allowing him to take the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. A few days after Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France were at war. 60 million people were killed and most of Europe and large parts of Asia lay in ruins. Within a week Britain and France were at war, Austria, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa joined the war. On the land, sea, and in the air, Poles fought Germans; Italians fought Americans; and Japanese fought Australians in a conflict settled with Nuclear Weapons. Children and some women were tooken away from big cities to the countryside. People carried masks to protect themselves and built air raid shelters. The 1st German air attack was in London on the evening of September 7th, 1940. War songs were sung such as “It’s a Long Way to Tiperrary”. Posters and slogans were put up to remind people for the need to save whatever they could. The 2nd World War happened 25 years after World War I.